As technical iteration narrows the capability gap between models, Chinese open-source models are expanding their global presence by compensating weaker hardware with software optimization and scale. Under compute constraints, Chinese models can still maintain solid performance and a strong price–performance advantage, based on a fundamental reshaping of “model design and system engineering.” The launch of DeepSeek‑V4, the first Chinese model to achieve domestic substitution in the inference stage, has become a flagship example, and is driving China’s AI industry to further deepen an integrated “AI hardware–software co‑design” development path.

Key Highlights

• Global Reach: Chinese open-source models expand globally, overcoming hardware limits via software optimization.
• High Value: System redesigns ensure strong performance and cost-efficiency despite compute constraints.
• Ecosystem Shift: Domestic inference substitution accelerates hardware-software co-design. 

Table of Contents

1. China’s Advancement in AI to Shift from Battles of Models to Exploration of Inference Applications and Open-Source Ecosystems
   • Figure 1: Model Invocation in April 2026
   • Table 1: Summary of Low-Precision Models
   • Figure 2: China’s Countermeasures towards Restraints in Computing Power
   • Figure 3: Key Ugrades to DeepSeek-V4
   • Table 2: Comparison between Checkpointing and Compute While Transmitting
   • Table 3: Comparison between CUDA and CANN
2. Strategies among Chinese Vendors
   • Figure 4: China’s AI Software-Hardware Ecosystems
   • Figure 5: China’s AI Hardware-Software Integration
   • Table 4: Comparison of DeepSeek-V3 MLA and DeepSeek-V4 MQA Architectures
3. TRI’s View

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